https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/issue/feed 2025-03-11T11:20:09+08:00 Ms. Manjing Xu ijctm@sciltp.com Open Journal Systems https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/616 2024-11-25T09:20:06+08:00 Ishwarlal Jialal kjialal@gmail.com

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Editorial</em></p> <h1>International Journal of Clinical and Translational Medicine</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Ishwarlal Jialal</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Retired Distinguished Professor of Internal Medicine Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; kjialal@gmail.com; Tel.: +1-530-902-0125</p> </div>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/720 2025-03-11T11:19:55+08:00 Bharat Nathoo bharat.nathoo@gmail.com

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Editorial</em></p> <h1>Finerenone: A Pillar for the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Bharat Nathoo</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p style="text-align: left;">Division of Nephrology, Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, L6C1R4, Ontario, Canada; bharat.nathoo@gmail.com</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 28 January 2025; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>Diabetic kidney disease[DKD] has the potential to progress to end stage kidney disease as well as increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.. Remarkable advances have occurred in management of DKD., This review highlights the role of finerenone a novel nonsteroidal minerallocorticoid receptor antagonist in DKD.</p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Clinical and Translational Medicine https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/717 2025-03-11T11:19:58+08:00 Rishi Raj Rikhi rrikhi@wakehealth.edu Michael D. Shapiro mdshapir@wakehealth.edu

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Review</em></p> <h1>The Role of Risk Equations in Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Rishi Rikhi and Michael D. Shapiro *</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA</p> <p>* Correspondence: mdshapir@wakehealth.edu; Tel.: +1-(336)-713-7085; Fax: +1-(336)-716-9188</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 24 January 2025; Accepted: 11 February 2025; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. The 2018 American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) blood cholesterol guideline recommends the use of the pooled cohort equations (PCE) for the assessment of 10-year ASCVD risk in participants aged 40–75 years without a history of ASCVD or diabetes, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥70 mg/dL and &lt;190 mg/dL. Recently, AHA released the Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) EVENTs (PREVENT) risk equations that calculate both 10- and 30-year ASCVD, CVD, and heart failure (HF) risk in participants aged 30–79 years. This review provides an overview of cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention and performance of PREVENT compared to the PCE. PREVENT offers an enhanced approach to cardiovascular risk assessment by integrating markers of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic health along with social determinants of health, providing superior calibration and discrimination compared to PCE. PREVENT holds promise for refining statin eligibility and identifying individuals at risk for ASCVD. However, additional research is essential to define clinical thresholds and evaluate its potential in directing the use of emerging preventive therapies. </p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/659 2025-03-11T11:20:06+08:00 Ishwarlal Jialal kjialal@gmail.com Beverley Adams-Huet huet@digitrain.com

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Original Research Articles</em></p> <h1>The Relationship between the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Vitamin D Levels in American Adults</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Ishwarlal Jialal ^1,*and Beverley Adams-Huet ²</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>¹ Retired Distinguished Professor of Internal Medicine and Pathology, UC Davis School of Medicine, 2616 Hepworth Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA</p> <p>² UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</p> <p><strong>*</strong> Correspondence: kjialal@gmail.com; Tel.: +1-530-902-0125</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 16 December 2024; Accepted: 28 December 2024; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a cost-effective, reliable and validated measure of insulin resistance. Furthermore it is a promising biomarker of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), Type-2 Diabetes (T2DM) and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Although groups from numerous countries especially Asia have shown an inverse relationship between Vitamin D levels and the TyG index, there is a severe paucity of data by US investigators. Accordingly, in the present preliminary report we investigated the relationship between tertiles of TyG index and Vitamin D levels and also undertook correlations with relevant variables. The TyG index increased significantly over tertiles in the combined group of MetS (<em>n</em> = 41) and controls (<em>n</em> = 37). However there was no significant change in plasma Vitamin D levels over tertiles, <em>p</em> = 0.15. We show a modest but significant correlation between TyG and Vitamin D. In conclusion in this pilot study we failed to see a significant decrease in Vitamin D levels over increasing tertiles of the TyG index but showed a modest inverse correlation. Hence future studies with much larger sample sizes of American participants can settle this important issue.</p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/711 2025-03-11T11:20:03+08:00 Evette L. Subramoney evettelucille@gmail.com Ashandree Reddy reddyashen14@gmail.com Verena Gounden verenagounden@yahoo.com

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Original Research Articles</em></p> <h1>Patterns of Use of Cardiac Troponins Amongst Clinicians within Public Sector Health Care Facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Evette L. Subramoney ^1,2, Ashandree Reddy ^1,2 and Verena Gounden ^1,2,3,*</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>¹ Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, <br />Durban 4001, South Africa</p> <p>² Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa</p> <p>³ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Galway, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland</p> <p>* Correspondence: verenagounden@yahoo.com</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 19 January 2025; Accepted: 30 January 2025; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>Background: The data evaluating troponin utilisation and requesting practices in comparison to best practice guidelines is limited in developing and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the ordering practices of high sensitivity cardiac troponins amongst clinicians within public sector health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. Methods: Requisition details and results of all cardiac troponin (cTn) requests for individuals older than 18 years analysed by the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) across KZN during the period 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019 were extracted from the NHLS Central Data Warehouse. Time interval between the baseline and consecutive measurement was calculated for those who underwent serial sampling and delta troponin (percent change) determined for those samples with time interval &lt;3 hours. Each cTn request was also assessed for concomitant requests for other cardiac biomarkers. Results: 75% of all cTn requests were analysed using a high-sensitivity assay. A serial sampling strategy (18.6%) was only observed in hospital settings with a relatively similar frequency amongst emergency departments, high care and general wards. Only 3.5% of samples represented serial samples collected within 3 h of each other. Moreover, 69% of all cTn requests had an associated request for other cardiac biomarkers, whilst 65% of CKMB requests did not have an associated cTn request. Conclusion: Awareness and adherence to clinical guidelines for the evaluation of chest pain is essential to reduce the variability of requesting practice for troponin assays.</p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/715 2025-03-11T11:20:01+08:00 Sridevi Devaraj sxdevara@texaschildrens.org Daksha Krishnan dakshagiakris@gmail.com Xinpu Chen xchen@bcm.edu

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Original Research Articles</em></p> <h1>Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index in a Pediatric Non-Diabetic Cohort-Surrogate Marker of Insulin Resistance?</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Sridevi Devaraj *, Daksha Krishnan and Xinpu Chen</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Department of Pathology &amp; Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA</p> <p>* Correspondence: sxdevara@texaschildrens.org</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 22 January 2025; Accepted: 13 February 2025; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>The incidence of diabetes and obesity has reached epidemic levels. Although insulin resistance is the key pathophysiological mechanism, several surrogate biomarkers of insulin resistance such as Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), have been proposed. In recent years, research on triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index as a useful marker for identifying cardio-metabolic risk, particularly in adults, has been on the rise. However, there is a paucity of data on the role of the TyG index in children and adolescents and the association of the TyG index with HOMA-IR and DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), especially in North America. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of the TyG index in children and adolescents, and explore the relationship between the TyG index and HOMA-IR and DEXA in North American children and adolescents. Forty-four lean and obese children and adolescents were recruited after obtaining informed consent, anthropometric and laboratory assessments. TyG index was significantly higher in obese children and adolescents than in their lean counterparts (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and correlated significantly with glucose, BMI, DEXA, triglycerides and HOMA-IR. Thus, this pilot study shows that the TyG index may serve as an excellent surrogate for assessing cardio-metabolic risk in pediatrics.</p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors. https://w3.sciltp.com/journals/ijctm/article/view/636 2025-03-11T11:20:09+08:00 Sarvari Yellapragada Perumalt@bcm.edu Perumal Thiagarajan Yellapra@bcm.edu

<p class="categorytitle"><em>Interesting Images</em></p> <h1>Intracellular Crystals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia</h1> <div class="abstract_title"> <p><strong>Sarvari Yellapragada and Perumal Thiagarajan *</strong></p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Department of Pathology and Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, <br />Houston, TX 77030, USA</p> <p>* Correspondence: perumalt@bcm.edu</p> </div> <div class="abstract_top"> <p>Received: 2 December 2024; Accepted: 9 January 2025; Published: 1 March 2025</p> </div> <p><strong class="label">Abstract: </strong>An 81-year-old man presented with weight loss and lymphocytosis with a white blood cell count of 55,000/µL with 80% lymphocytosis and 20% segmented neutrophils. Hemoglobin was 14 g/dL and platelets 139 × 10³/µL. In flowcytometric analysis of peripheral blood, the CD19-expressing lymphocytes (52%) were positive for CD5, CD23, and CD200 and they were negative for CD10, CD103, CD25, and T-cell markers. There was no surface expression of light chains. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed mild hypogammaglobulinemia (0.60 g/dL, normal &gt;0.69) and on immunofixation electrophoresis there was a small monoclonal spike of IgG Lambda. </p>

2025-03-01T00:00:00+08:00 Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors.